1. Research Purpose and Rationale

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1.1 Research purpose

The purpose of the study is to state the best services for homeless youth women (15 to 25 years of age) suffering from sexual health and “sexually transmitted diseases” (STD). Through an effective program for STD and sex health, the current problem of homelessness in Sydney and Brisbane can be controlled and prevented. The study developers will be researching some specific fields on the given topic. The study develops will identify the major risks faced by the homeless youth women of Sydney and Brisbane and how all issues of STD can be mitigated over time (Rabbitte et al. 2019). The study will be conducted to state all problems of issues that homeless women are facing in recent times, including the reasons for their vulnerability and the diseases they suffer from due to STDs.

1.2 Research questions and aims

Aim

The study aims to find out the necessity of sex education through sex health and “sexually transmitted diseases” (STD) program that has been arranged for homeless youth women in Sydney and Brisbane.

Objectives

• To identify the reasons for the homelessness of young women in Sydney and Brisbane.
• To identify the major STDs and sexual health-related risks and problems faced by homeless young women of 15 to 25 years of age.
• To determine some effective services or support that can mitigate the health problems of homeless young women.
• To state the importance of a health awareness program in order to help all homeless women in Sydney and Brisbane.

1.3 Research questions

• What are the reasons for young women’s homelessness in Sydney and Brisbane?
• What are the main STDs and sexual health-related issues and risks that homeless young women (15-25) in Australia are facing in recent years?
• What services or support can help to mitigate the health problems of homeless young women?
• What are the effective ways a health awareness program can help all homeless women in Sydney and Brisbane?

1.4 Rationale of Research

The study will be identifying some major problems that young homeless women are facing in Sydney and Brisbane. Homelessness generally increases vulnerability and sexual health issues where the women are found to be getting affected by STDs or AIDs. In this recent years, young homeless women need help to keep themselves safe from the risk of STDs and other sexual health problems (Rabbitte et al. 2019). The study also aims to find out the major reasons for the increased number of homeless women in Sydney and Brisbane.

The root cause of homelessness of all young women is poverty and discrimination that incorporate “paid or unpaid work”. The study will also find out the risks associated with the homelessness of young women in the mentioned cities of Australia. It has been found from statistics reports of Australia that about 25 % of them become homeless due to family or domestic violence and about 15% due to “inadequate or improper dwelling” conditions (kuc, 2022). The study will also highlight how an awareness program for STDs can help young homeless women to remain protected from sex health-related risks in Australia. The researchers will be identifying the health and STDs risks of young homeless individuals.

1.5 Significance of the research

The research is essential for the benefit of homeless young women in the two cities of Australia, Sydney and Brisbane. The study developer will develop a health awareness program in order to help to mitigate the issues of sexual health and STDs of young homeless women. Through this awareness program, all homeless individuals can be provided with support and services to improve their emotional and mental health. In this recent era, the reality of thousands of young and adult women is homelessness. The research is necessary to prevent the risk of STDs which more than 37% of young homeless women suffers from due to the housing crisis (kuc, 2022). Through the research, the study developers will try to find the key reason for the homelessness of 15-25 youth women.

2. Literature review

2.1 Problems faced by homeless people in Sydney and Brisbane

This particular course of study is a sensitive topic in recent times associated with the rapid increase in population that has been bringing in associated problems with it. The rapid growth of the population and the associated urbanization has led to a significant alteration in the lifestyle of people.

Mostly homelessness arises among people due to certain circumstances like mental health challenges, domestic violence and sudden alteration in lifestyle that might include financial issues and other associated situations. In Australia, around 116,000 face homelessness on any particular night (missionaustralia, 2022). The aspect of homelessness has been attributed to the prevalence of the situations has been contributed to the cases of overall issues that are prevalent with the lifestyle in society.

Figure 1: Homelessness in Sydney

 (Source: slhd.nsw, 2022)

It has been recorded that there is a range of living conditions among homeless individuals in the Sydney local district. Around 57% of people live in boarding houses and 1.7% of them are rough sleepers (slhd.nsw, 2022). There are certainly associated conditions that have been associated with homelessness for a long span of time. Situations like unemployment, limited access to healthcare and employment facilities, and lack of accommodation are the most prominent ones.

Over time this situation has been increasing among the young population as well. In 2019-2020 it has been recorded that the primary reasons young people were homeless were due to domestic violence (17%), housing crisis (17%) and inappropriate dwelling conditions (12%), which furthermore contributed o their overall issues regarding mental and sexual health as well (aihw.gov, 2022). Mostly young people in densely populated regions like Sydney and Brisbane are vulnerable to the conditions of homelessness.

2.2 Homelessness among the young women in Sydney and Brisbane

Homelessness is a serious condition, especially among the young population in Australia which is a shock of lifestyle for this demographic section of society, Mostly people aged between 15-20 years are influenced by other social evils like addiction to drugs and they also suffer from multiple behavioural and mental health issues due to inaccessibility to proper medicinal and residential facilities and it only contributes more to their health concerns. The cases of young women being homeless also increased over time. Around 1.7% of the homeless women in Australia are young women aged between 15-25 years old. At any given time, 2000 women are homeless in the Brisbane area and the young population has also increased (ladymusgravetrus, 2022). This situation has made them vulnerable to many critical situations. Especially for women who are highly at risk of sexual assault and exploitation (Phipps et al. 2019). It adds up to their overall criticality.

2.3 Sexual Health among homeless young women

People who are homeless including women lack proper access to resources which makes them vulnerable to critical diseases. The associated conditions of homelessness make their condition worse, especially their sexual health. The prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium and Chlamydia is more among young women as compared to men in Australia (journals.sagepub, 2022.) This condition mostly is facilitated by the lack of sexual health education among young women.

2.4 Literature Gap

There is a significant literature gap in this particular course of study since. There is a lack of resources and information to gather the current data and statics on the homeless among the young population, especially girls who are aged between 15-25 years old. There is a lack of information regarding their sexual health and associated conditions. This situation has been causing a gap in the literature for this specific research

3. Methodology

3.1 Introduction

The methodology portion of this study will evaluate the tools and techniques through which the study will be conducted. The portion will identify the major risks of homelessness for young women in Sydney and Brisbane. The study developer will use some effective techniques to complete the research successfully. Through the primary qualitative data analysis method, the study developers will be identifying the key sexual health-related and STD-related risks and problems that young women of 15 to 25 years of age in Australia are facing in this recent times.

3.2 Research methods

The study will be prepared through a “positive research philosophy and descriptive research design”. The techniques will help the study developers to make resource full research that will consist of all relevant and authentic data regarding the provided topic (Cristancho et al. 2018). Other than this, the researchers will be selecting a “deductive research approach and primary qualitative research strategy” to derive relevant and authentic information by interviewing some homeless young women in Sydney and Brisbane.

3.3 Data collection method

Q1. What situation drove you to homelessness?

Woman 1	Woman 2	Woman 3	Woman 4
“Domestic violence”	“I did not have proper housing”	“I am a victim of domestic abuse”	“I was sexually assaulted, I couldn’t stay at what I used to call a home”.

Q2. What problems did you mostly face during homelessness?

Woman 1	Woman 2	Woman 3	Woman 4
“Often there are situations when I face aggressive sexual advances”	“Improper facilities at the shelter is a major concern for me”	“I became a victim of sexual assault when I was on the streets and it is still traumatizing”.	“Often people try to make uncomfortable advances and I learnt living on streets how to defend myself”

Q3. Did you ever attend any sexual health-oriented community programs?

Woman 1	Woman 2	Woman 3	Woman 4
“No I have never been to those places”	“Not really, no”.	“I am on my own, I have never been to those stuff”.	“In my initial days I used to attend those programs, later on, I learnt to deal with things on my own”.

Q4. Do you get access to medical facilities?

Woman 1	Woman 2	Woman 3	Woman 4
“There is hardly any place around that treats us fair”	“Once in a while there are those charitable events. You know those health checkup camps”.	“Whenever I get sick and If I got some money. I can get some regular medicines, that’s about it”.	“Well, money is a big issue for us anyway. Those medical camps are helpful”.

Q5. Did you ever apply for a job?

Woman 1	Woman 2	Woman 3	Woman 4
“I work from time to time, here and there. Currently, I don’t have any”	“I don’t have a job”	“If I had a job situation would have been different for me, as of now I don’t”.	“ I work at a local bar”.

3.4 Data analysis

Homeless among young women aged between 15-25 years is facilitated by certain reasons. It can be derived from the interview that mostly the cases have been associated with domestic violence and associated abuse that have imparted both physical harm and mental trauma as well. Even in the homeless lifestyle, they are vulnerable to those predatorial activities and hence are subjected to unprecedented sexual advances and assaults. This situation overall triggers their traumatic time and further negatively impacts their mental health (McGrath et al. 2019). It can be derived that in these conditions people also lack access to resources.

The young women of this age group lack sexual health-oriented education and awareness that would help them maintain proper health and hygiene and combat STDs. Homeless people generally lack access to medical facilities and jobs that would help them sustain their lives (Rabbitte et al. 2019). Homeless women are affected by this situation, they do not get proper access to medical facilities and employment which hinders their upliftment from this lifestyle.

3.5 Research limitation

The research will be limited to a small identified group of young homeless women of 15 to 25 years of age. The women who are suffering homelessness in the city of Sydney and Brisbane have higher risks of getting affected by STDs. Individuals are homeless in Australia due to the housing crisis, gender discrimination, breakdown of relationships and family, and mental or physical health issues (Ezer et al. 2019). Further research can be recommended for this research to cover all major parts of the research to determine the current situation of young homeless women in cities in Australia.

3.6 Summary

The study developers will discuss the importance of a health awareness program in order to help all homeless women in Sydney and Brisbane through a major data analysis technique that is a primary qualitative data analysis technique. The development of an effective health awareness program on “Sexual health and sexually transmitted diseases education” is very essential for young homeless women to keep themselves safe from infections of HIV or AIDs. The researchers will also evaluate effective services or support that can mitigate the health problems of homeless young women.

4. Ethics of Research

4.1 Ethical implications

In the overall course of this research proper ethical guidelines will be taken into consideration. The ethics in this situation will deal with the privacy of the information of people who have been considered for the interview process. Also, it is important to ensure that the overall process of the interview is unbiased (Nagendra et al. 2020). Consideration of the resource materials are necessary to be authentic, it is necessary to ensure this to make sure that the data to be taken into this research is not fabricated or falsified.

4.2 Strategies to deal with ethical concerns

The overall course of the data collection process will follow proper guidelines laid down by the government. The overall course of the interview process will follow the guidelines of The Privacy Act of 1988. This act ensures that the information of the people is respected and is not breached under any circumstances (au, 2022). This strategy is necessary and will be adhered to throughout the interview to maintain confidentiality for the people involved in the interview process. Also, it will be ensured that they are not provoked or are not under any influence throughout the interviewing process to get an unbiased interview process (Fisher et al. 2019). No additional information will be gathered from them. Secondly, it will be ensured that the online journals and the articles are authentic to maintain genuineness throughout the data collection process.

5. Findings and Results

5.1 Timetable of the Research

Activities	Day 1- day 18	Day 19 to day 25	Day 26- day 39	Day 39- day 49	Day 49- day 65	Day 66- day 76	Day 77- day 81	Day 82- day 90
Identification of major risks associated with young homeless women health issues
Collecting data regarding the study through interviewing the young homeless women
Conducting a “desk-study-based” research
Developing a health awareness program to mitigate the problem and help all young women with effective solutions
Analyzing the collected data to solve every identified problem
Developing a work action plan
Checking solutions’ feasibility
Completion of the projects and submission

5.2 Budget and resources required

The estimated budget of the research can be kept at nearly $ 5,000. The major resources that can help in the successful completion of the projects include potential and efficient researchers with high knowledge of social research. The study developers who have can actively participate in a team to gather authentic and relevant information on the topic through primary qualitative data analysis that is interviewing some selected young homeless women in Sydney and Brisbane. Another major resource on which this research depends includes selected young homeless women of 15 to 25 years of age from the cities of Sydney and Brisbane.

5.3 Dissemination of results

The information regarding this topic will be collected by interviewing young homeless women in Sydney and Brisbane. After identifying all risks and strategies to mitigate the issues of sexual health and STDs the study developers can develop a health awareness program on “Sexual health and sexually transmitted diseases education”. This program will help in the dissemination of the results of this study among the young homeless women of the selected cities of Australia.

Reference list

Journals

• Cristancho, S. M., Goldszmidt, M., Lingard, L., & Watling, C. (2018). Qualitative research essentials for medical education. Singapore medical journal, 59(12), 622. 10.11622/smedj.2018093
• Ezer, P., Jones, T., Fisher, C., & Power, J. (2019). A critical discourse analysis of sexuality education in the Australian curriculum. Sex Education, 19(5), 551-567. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2018.1553709
• Fisher, C., Waling, A., Kerr, L., Bellamy, R., Ezer, P., MIKOLAJCZAK, M., ... & Lucke, J. (2019). 6th national survey of Australian secondary students and sexual health 2018. 10.26181/5c80777f6c35e
• McGrath, C., Palmgren, P. J., & Liljedahl, M. (2019). Twelve tips for conducting qualitative research interviews. Medical teacher, 41(9), 1002-1006.
• https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2018.1497149
• Nagendra, G., Carnevale, C., Neu, N., Cohall, A., & Zucker, J. (2020). The potential impact and availability of sexual health services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sexually transmitted diseases, 47(7), 434. 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001198
• Phipps, M., Dalton, L., Maxwell, H., & Cleary, M. (2019). Women and homelessness, a complex multidimensional issue: Findings from a scoping review. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 28(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10530789.2018.1534427
•  Rabbitte, M., & Enriquez, M. (2019). The role of policy on sexual health education in schools. The Journal of School Nursing, 35(1), 27-38. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840518789240

Websites

• ag, (2022), The privacy Act, 2022, Retrieved from: https://www.ag.gov.au/rights-and-protections/privacy#:~:text=The%20Privacy%20Act%201988%20(Privacy,and%20in%20the%20private%20sector. [Retrieved on: 21st November, 2022]
• aihw.gov, (2022), homelessness among young people, Retrieved from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/children-youth/homelessness-and-overcrowding [Retrieved on: 21st November, 2022]
• journals.sagepub, (2022), Homelessness, sex and a tale of two sexually transmitted infections, Retrieved from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0956462420958904 [Retrieved on: 21st November, 2022]
• kuc, (2022), Youth Homelessness: Facts & Statistics, Kids Under Cover, Retrieved from: https://www.kuc.org.au/library/youth-homelessness-facts-statistics/ [Retrieved on: 21 st November 2022]
• missionaustralia, (2022), homelessness in Australia, Retrieved from: https://www.missionaustralia.com.au/what-we-do/ending-homelessness/homelessness-in-australia-statistics [Retrieved on: 21st November, 2022]
• slhd.nsw, (2022), Homelessness in Sydney local health district, Retrieved from: https://www.slhd.nsw.gov.au/PopulationHealth/PHO-homelessness.html [Retrieved on: 21st November, 2022]