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Introduction - Associations between Quantitative and Qualitative Job Insecurity and Well-Being
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Q1: Sample Size
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In order to conduct the research study to analyse association between quantitative and qualitative job insecurity and well-being of employees working in different banks at Belgium. They identified that there were total 69000 employees working in 63 Belgian banks. Researchers contend that surveying all the employees would be too expensive and thus, they decided to survey a sample of 15000 employees (21 per cent of total employees). Sampling refers to the process of taking small proportionate of collected data from a large pool of information. It can be elaborated as a precise principle utilised to select member of populations which is to be included in the study. In other words, due to large size of target population, researchers have no choice but to study the number of cases of elements within the population to represent the population an to reach conclusions about the population (Palinkas and et.al., 2015).
As there was large size of population available for research, researcher found that collecting data and questioning large population was pragmatically not possible for them. Thus, they decided to take out the sample and collect data from them. Sampling is essential and necessary when the population of participants is large. Without taking sample, researcher will eventually increase their time, cost and efforts. Sampling is the process through which researcher will easily be able to collect, analyse and interpret research data (Bryman, and Bell, 2015). The sample of the study is initially the participants of the study. Sampling is a crucial element of research as it put a significant impact on the quality of research findings and outcomes. Through accurate and precise sampling, researcher can produce accurate results. When the population is humongous, it is impractical and time consuming to study the whole population.
Furthermore, if the sample is too small or excessively large, it can affect the results or produce incorrect outcomes. It is crucial for researchers to make precise decision in order to take appropriate sample size so that data can be collected appropriately and analysis can be done thoroughly. Sampling is necessary when carrying out research study as researcher cannot observe, study or survey everyone in the population (Bryman, 2015). In order to obtain accurate results and findings, samples are necessary. In the research study conducted by researchers, they determined to take all 63 Belgian Banks and select a proportion of 21 per cent of employees from each bank as a sample for surveying. Through this, they were able to gather data of all the banks and thus, they were able to produce precise results.
Q2: Sampling Method
In the research of association between quantitative and qualitative job insecurity and well-being, researcher has used simple random sampling method to select the participants of the study. Simple random sampling is also known as random sampling is the purest and most straightforward probability sampling strategy (Fraley and Hudson, 2014). It is also renowned approach for selecting a sample among population for a broad range of purposes. In simple random sampling each participant of the population is likely to be selected as a part of sample. In simple terms simple random sampling refers to the sampling procedures that ensures that each element in the population will have an equal chance of being included in the sample (Sekaran and Bougie, 2016). Simple random sampling method helps researchers in reducing their efforts in selecting sample size and researchers required minimum knowledge about the participant of the study. In this context, the advantages and disadvantages of simple random sampling are described as below:
Advantages
Minimal knowledge of population needed: The key benefit of using simple random sampling is that it researcher required minimal knowledge of population (Bernard, 2017). In the study, researcher randomly selected the participants of the study irrespective of their position, gender, experience, etc.
Easy to analyse data: Through simple random sampling, researcher has to select the participants randomly and analyse data accordingly. It becomes easy for the researcher to analyse collected data and information. Researcher has to put minimum efforts in order to select the participants of study and thus, process of analysis will become easy and efficient.
Beneficial for analysing large population: Simple random sampling method is beneficial for analysing larger population (Gentles and et.al., 2015). Researcher has to take the sample appropriately and accurately so that effectiveness in outcomes of research can be enhanced.
Disadvantages
Low frequency of use: The drawback of simple random sampling is that it is not frequently used by researchers. It can only be used with quantitative studies and researcher has to select the sample appropriately so that effectual findings of research can be produced (Moser and Kalton, 2017). Inappropriate selection of sample might degrade the quality of research and put direct impact on outcomes negatively.
Larger risk of random error: Simple random sampling based on anticipation where researcher just randomly selects the participant of the study without knowing his or her background, experience and profile. Thus, there is larger risk associated with randomly selection error which can affects the whole research study.
Time consuming: Researcher in simple random sampling method would require a list of all potential candidates to be available beforehand (Mai, 2016). This can be costly and time consuming for larger studies.
Q3: Measurement of Variables
In order to ascertain the appropriate information and make effective decision which will be assertive in relation with analysing the qualitative and quantitative results of job insecurities. Thus, analysis has been made over randomly selected 15000 employees on which they represent their view on the level of job satisfaction. Survey was based on 63 banks on which they have asked several questions in relation with analysing the opinions of such individuals. The reliability over such collected data is that there has been influences statistical approaches which in turn makes it accurate and validated in terms of making the effective decision. Thus, there has been consideration of all authenticate data sources and the accurate analysis were made to have proper outcomes Sekaran & Bougie, (2016). The selection of variables is on the basis of gender, age, educational level, income and relevant factors.
However, the stratification level has been asked to them as on their wages, working hours, promotion and job opportunities. Thus, reflects the employment conditions of the workers. Moreover, in relation with Cronbach's alpha on which it has reflected the qualitative job insecurities among individuals. It says that the working condition is proper to those individuals as well as they have no issues with the work. On the other side, it can be said that such measurement comprises with effective development of innovative ideas and newer techniques that will improve the operational activities Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2015). Thus, the implications of various resources and appropriate measuring techniques will improve working culture of firm.
Q4: Collection of Data on Social Demographics
Demographic information gives data in relation with participants of the research. In order to determine whether the participants of the research in particular study represents the sample of target population for generalisation purpose or not, researchers tend to collect demographic information. In the present study, researchers collect information regarding gender, age, educational level and extra income in order to correlate it with job satisfaction and psychological distress (Herrett and et.al., 2015). Generally, the demographic information or participant's characteristics which are reported in the methodology in research study serve as independent variables in the research design. As demographic variables cannot be manipulated, they are considered as an independent variable in the research study. When researcher designs the survey, he or she needs to ascertain who are the participants of research and researcher needs to classify the response data into meaningful group of respondents.
This assessment is based on demographic consideration. Researchers in the research study collects the data on variables such as gender, age, educational level, etc. in order to provide effective and systematic results that give information to the end users about the issue they are dealing with (Frering and et.al., 2017). Collecting demographic information is not mandatory but in order to increase the effectiveness of the research study, researchers collect demographic information. The purpose is to classify the findings in an appropriate manner so that end users can easily be able to comprehend and analyse it. In order to identify population segments and their specific characteristics, demographic information has been obtained by the researchers. In the research study, researchers decided to obtain demographic information in order to know how many males or females have participant in the study, what was their age, educational level, etc. (Gentles and et.al., 2015).
This was merely done for the purpose to segregate the findings in an appropriate manner so that their research study could become more robust and efficient. The characteristics of population is referred as demographic information. The analyses derived from generated from demographic studies relied upon a specialised set of models and methods which involves population composition studies, survival analysis and ratios (Moser and Kalton, 2017). Thus, in order to enhance the effectiveness and quality of research study with demonstrating the outcomes of research in a precise and systematic manner, researchers tend to collect demographic information and data.
Q5: Research Design
To ascertaining the research design which were being used by the research in analysing the data set there are two techniques which has been implicated by them as to demonstrate the employee behaviour. It consists of collecting, analysing and determining the data to have accurate analysis. It comprises with the effective description and data analysis which in turn is helpful to have accurate details relevant with job satisfaction among employees. There are several designs which will be helpful in conducting the effective research.
Explanatory
This is the technique which will be effective as per analysing predicted research problems. It will connect to newer ideas and approaches which in turn develop the appropriate outcomes. It comprises when the research has enough information and knowledge regrading areas of research. Thus, the implication of careful testing and relevant theories, methods which will be helpful in determining the causes and effects over such outcomes (Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper: Types of Research Designs, 2017).
Exploratory
In this technique or method where the research will be based on analysing and identifying the enough knowledge relevant with the research Herrett & et.al, (2015). Therefore, here the data and information will be collected and analysed to have clarified details about research problem. It is a technique which will be helpful in generating the new ideas as well as developing it to have effective solution to such issues.
Descriptive
This is the technique which comprises of making effective analysis over the data set and collected information Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2015). Moreover, it will be helpful in having the proper analysis onbasis of statistical measurements such as mean, mode, median, etc. The motive behind implicating such techniques is to have the most adequate and appropriate determination of the outcomes that will be helpful in decision making as well as resolving the issues.
References
Books and Journals
- Bernard, H. R. (2017). Research methods in anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Rowman & Littlefield.
- Bryman, A. (2015). Social research methods. Oxford university press.
- Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2015). Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA.
- Fraley, R. C., & Hudson, N. W. (2014). Review of intensive longitudinal methods: an introduction to diary and experience sampling research.
- Frering, H. E. & et.al., (2017). 4.65 Demographic and Emotional Behavioral Predictors of Emotion Identification Accuracy. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 56(10). S251.
- Gentles, S. J. & et.al., (2015). Sampling in qualitative research: Insights from an overview of the methods literature. The Qualitative Report, 20(11), 1772.
- Herrett, E. & et.al., (2015). Data resource profile: clinical practice research datalink (CPRD). International journal of epidemiology. 44(3). 827-836.
- Mai, J. E. (2016). Looking for information: A survey of research on information seeking, needs, and behavior. Emerald Group Publishing.
- Moser, C. A., & Kalton, G. (2017). Survey methods in social investigation. Routledge.
- Palinkas, L. A. & et.al., (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research. 42(5). 533-544.
- Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley & Sons.
Online
- Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper: Types of Research Designs. 2017. [Online]. Available through :<http://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/researchdesigns>.
